| duperemove(8) | Version 0.11 | duperemove(8) |
duperemove - Find duplicate extents and print them to stdout
duperemove [options] \fIfiles...\fI
duperemove is a simple tool for finding duplicated extents and
submitting them for deduplication. When given a list of files it will
hash their contents on a block by block basis and compare those hashes
to each other, finding and categorizing blocks that match each
other. When given the -d option, duperemove will submit
those extents for deduplication using the Linux kernel extent-same
ioctl.
duperemove can store the hashes it computes in a hashfile. If
given an existing hashfile, duperemove will only compute hashes
for those files which have changed since the last run. Thus you can run
duperemove repeatedly on your data as it changes, without having to
re-checksum unchanged data. For more on hashfiles see the
--hashfile option below as well as the Examples section.
duperemove can also take input from the fdupes program, see the
--fdupes option below.
Duperemove has two major modes of operation one of which is a subset
of the other.
When run without -d (the default) duperemove will print out one or
more tables of matching extents it has determined would be ideal
candidates for deduplication. As a result, readonly mode is useful for
seeing what duperemove might do when run with -d. The output could
also be used by some other software to submit the extents for
deduplication at a later time.
Generally, duperemove does not concern itself with the underlying
representation of the extents it processes. Some of them could be
compressed, undergoing I/O, or even have already been deduplicated. In
dedupe mode, the kernel handles those details and therefore we try not
to replicate that work.
This functions similarly to readonly mode with the exception that the
duplicated extents found in our "read, hash, and compare" step will
actually be submitted for deduplication. An estimate of the total data
deduplicated will be printed after the operation is complete. This
estimate is calculated by comparing the total amount of shared bytes
in each file before and after the dedupe.
files can refer to a list of regular files and directories or be
a hyphen (-) to read them from standard input.
If a directory is specified, all regular files within it will also be
scanned. Duperemove can also be told to recursively scan directories with
the '-r' switch.
-r
Enable recursive dir traversal.
-d
De-dupe the results - only works on btrfs and \fIxfs (experimental)\FR.
-A
Opens files readonly when deduping. Primarily for use by privileged
users on readonly snapshots.
-h
Print numbers in human-readable format.
--hashfile=hashfile
Use a file for storage of hashes instead of memory. This option drastically
reduces the memory footprint of duperemove and is recommended when your data
set is more than a few files large. Hashfiles are also reusable,
allowing you to further reduce the amount of hashing done on subsequent
dedupe runs.
If hashfile does not exist it will be created. If it exists,
duperemove will check the file paths stored inside of it for changes.
Files which have changed will be rescanned and their updated hashes will be
written to the hashfile. Deleted files will be removed from the hashfile.
New files are only added to the hashfile if they are discoverable via
the files argument. For that reason you probably want to provide the
same files list and -r arguments on each run of
duperemove. The file discovery algorithm is efficient and will only
visit each file once, even if it is already in the hashfile.
Adding a new path to a hashfile is as simple as adding it to the files
argument.
When deduping from a hashfile, duperemove will avoid deduping files which
have not changed since the last dedupe.
-L
Print all files in the hashfile and exit. Requires the --hashfile option.
Will print additional information about each file when run with -v.
-R [file]
Remove file from the db and exit. Can be specified multiple
times. Duperemove will read the list from standard input if a hyphen
(-) is provided. Requires the --hashfile option.
Note: If you are piping filenames from another duperemove instance it
is advisable to do so into a temporary file first as running duperemove
simultaneously on the same hashfile may corrupt that hashfile.
--fdupes
Run in fdupes mode. With this option you can pipe the output of
fdupes to duperemove to dedupe any duplicate files found. When
receiving a file list in this manner, duperemove will skip the hashing phase.
-v
Be verbose.
--skip-zeroes
Read data blocks and skip any zeroed blocks, useful for speedup duperemove,
but can prevent deduplication of zeroed files.
-b size
Use the specified block size. Raising the block size will consume less
memory but may miss some duplicate blocks. Conversely, lowering the
blocksize consumes more memory and may find more duplicate blocks. The
default blocksize of 128K was chosen with these parameters in
mind.
--io-threads=N
Use N threads for I/O. This is used by the file hashing and dedupe
stages. Default is automatically detected based on number of
host cpus.
--cpu-threads=N
Use N threads for CPU bound tasks. This is used by the duplicate
extent finding stage. Default is automatically detected based on
number of host cpus.
Note: Hyperthreading can adversely affect performance of the
extent finding stage. If duperemove detects an Intel CPU with
hyperthreading it will use half the number of cores reported by the
system for cpu bound tasks.
--dedupe-options=options
Comma separated list of options which alter how we dedupe. Prepend 'no' to an option in order to turn it off.
[no]same
Defaults to off. Allow dedupe of extents within the same file.
[no]fiemap
Defaults to on. Duperemove uses the fiemap ioctl during
the dedupe stage to optimize out already deduped extents as well as to
provide an estimate of the space saved after dedupe operations are
complete.
Unfortunately, some versions of Btrfs exhibit extremely poor
performance in fiemap as the number of references on a file extent
goes up. If you are experiencing the dedupe phase slowing down
or 'locking up' this option may give you a significant amount of
performance back.
Note: This does not turn off all usage of fiemap, to disable
fiemap during the file scan stage, you will also want to use the
--lookup-extents=no option.
--help
Prints help text.
--lookup-extents=[yes|no]
Defaults to no. Allows duperemove to skip checksumming some blocks by
checking their extent state.
-x
Don't cross filesystem boundaries, this is the default behavior since
duperemove v0.11. The option is kept for backwards compatibility.
--read-hashes=hashfile
\This option is primarily for testing. See the --hashfile option if you want to use hashfiles.
Read hashes from a hashfile. A file list is not required with this
option. Dedupe can be done if duperemove is run from the same base
directory as is stored in the hash file (basically duperemove has to
be able to find the files).
--write-hashes=hashfile
\This option is primarily for testing. See the --hashfile option if you want to use hashfiles.
Write hashes to a hashfile. These can be read in at a later date and
deduped from.
--debug
Print debug messages, forces -v if selected.
--hash-threads=N
Deprecated, see --io-threads above.
--hash=alg
You can choose between murmur3 and xxhash. The default is murmur3 as
it is very fast and can generate 128 bit digests for a very small
chance of collision. Xxhash may be faster but generates only 64 bit
digests. Both hashes are fast enough that the default should work well
for the overwhelming majority of users.
Dedupe the files in directory /foo, recurse into all subdirectories. You only want to use this for small data sets.
duperemove -dr /foo
Use duperemove with fdupes to dedupe identical files below directory foo.
fdupes -r /foo | duperemove --fdupes
Duperemove can optionally store the hashes it calculates in a
hashfile. Hashfiles have two primary advantages - memory usage and
re-usability. When using a hashfile, duperemove will stream computed
hashes to it, instead of main memory.
If Duperemove is run with an existing hashfile, it will only scan
those files which have changed since the last time the hashfile was
updated. The files argument controls which directories
duperemove will scan for newly added files. In the simplest usage, you
rerun duperemove with the same parameters and it will only scan
changed or newly added files - see the first example below.
Dedupe the files in directory foo, storing hashes in foo.hash. We can run this command multiple times and duperemove will only checksum and dedupe changed or newly added files.
duperemove -dr --hashfile=foo.hash foo/
Don't scan for new files, only update changed or deleted files, then dedupe.
duperemove -dr --hashfile=foo.hash
Add directory bar to our hashfile and discover any files that were recently added to foo.
duperemove -dr --hashfile=foo.hash foo/ bar/
List the files tracked by foo.hash.
duperemove -L --hashfile=foo.hash
Duperemove v0.11 is fast at reading and cataloging data. Dedupe runs will be
memory limited unless the '--hashfile' option is used. '--hashfile' allows
duperemove to temporarily store duplicated hashes to disk, thus removing the
large memory overhead and allowing for a far larger amount of data to be
scanned and deduped. Realistically though you will be limited by the speed of
your disks and cpu. In those situations where resources are limited you may
have success by breaking up the input data set into smaller pieces.
When using a hashfile, duperemove will only store duplicate hashes in
memory. During normal operation then the hash tree will make up the
largest portion of dupremoves memory usage. As of Duperemove v0.11
hash entries are 88 bytes in size. If you know the number of duplicate
blocks in your data set you can get a rough approximation of memory
usage by multiplying with the hash entry size.
Actual performance numbers are dependent on hardware - up to date
testing information is kept on the duperemove wiki (see below for the link).
Hashfiles are essentially sqlite3 database files with several tables,
the largest of which are the files and hashes tables. Each hashes
table entry is under 90 bytes though that may grow as features are
added. The size of a files table entry depends on the file path but a
good estimate is around 270 bytes per file.
If you know the total number of blocks and files in your data set then
you can calculate the hashfile size as:
Hashfile Size = Num Hashes X 90 + Num Files X 270
Using a real world example of 1TB (8388608 128K blocks) of data over 1000 files:
8388608 * 90 + 270 * 1000 = 755244720 or about 720MB for 1TB spread over 1000 files.
Yes, Duperemove uses a transactional database engine and organizes db
changes to take advantage of those features. The result is that you
should be able to ctrl-c the program at any point and re-run without
experiencing corruption of your hashfile.
Duperemove will print out an estimate of the saved space after a
dedupe operation for you.
You can get a more accurate picture by running 'btrfs fi df' before
and after each duperemove run.
Be careful about using the 'df' tool on btrfs - it is common for space
reporting to be 'behind' while delayed updates get processed, so an
immediate df after deduping might not show any savings.
At the moment duperemove can detect that some underlying extents are
shared with other files, but it can not resolve which files those
extents are shared with.
Imagine duperemove is examining a series of files and it notes a shared
data region in one of them. That data could be shared with a file
outside of the series. Since duperemove can't resolve that information
it will account the shared data against our dedupe operation while in
reality, the kernel might deduplicate it further for us.
This is a little complicated, but it comes down to a feature in Btrfs
called _bookending_. The Btrfs wiki explains this in detail:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs#Extents.
Essentially though, the underlying representation of an extent in
Btrfs can not be split (with small exception). So sometimes we can end
up in a situation where a file extent gets partially deduped (and the
extents marked as shared) but the underlying extent item is not freed
or truncated.
Yes. To be specific, duperemove does not deduplicate the data itself.
It simply finds candidates for dedupe and submits them to the Linux
kernel extent-same ioctl. In order to ensure data integrity, the
kernel locks out other access to the file and does a byte-by-byte
compare before proceeding with the dedupe.
Deduplication will lead to increased fragmentation. The blocksize
chosen can have an effect on this. Larger blocksizes will fragment
less but may not save you as much space. Conversely, smaller block
sizes may save more space at the cost of increased fragmentation.
Deduplication is currently only supported by the btrfs and xfs filesystem.
The Duperemove project page can be found at http://github.com/markfasheh/duperemove
There is also a wiki at http://github.com/markfasheh/duperemove/wiki
hashstats(8) filesystems(5) btrfs(8) xfs(8) fdupes(1)